Durer essays

Durer essays Artist and Humanist, Albrecht Durer is one of the most significant figures in the history f European art outside Italy during the Renaissance (Gowing 195). Portraying the questioning spirit of the Renaissance, Durer's conviction that he must examine and explore his own situation through capturing the very essence of his role as artist and creator, is reflected in the Self-portrait in a Fur Collared Robe (Strieder 10). With the portrait, Durer's highly self-conscious approach to his status as an artist coveys his exalted mission of art more clearly than in any other painting. He seems to be less concerned with himself as a person than with himself as an artist, and less with the artist than with the origin and exalted mission of art itself. (Strieder 13). In this self-portrait Durer portrays himself in the guise of the Savior. Durer's natural resemblance to Christ has been reverently amplified (Hutchinson 67). His bearded face is grave, and fringed by lustrous shoulder-lenth hair pain ted in a dark, Christ-like brown (Russell 89. Scholars have called attention to the fact that, the portrait was intended to portray Durer as the thinking artist through emphasis on the enlarged eyes and the right hand. Duere's use of the full-face view and almost hypnotic gaze emphasizes his belief that the sense of sight is the most noble of the five senses. He wrote in the Introduction to his Painter's Manual, For the noblest of man's senses is sight... Therefore a thing seen is more believable and long-lasting to us than something we hear (Hutchison 68). The position of the right hand held in front of his chest is almost as if in blessing (89 Russell). Joachim Camerarius, a professor who published a Latin translation of two of Durer's books, wrote of Durer's intelligent head, his flashing eyes, his nobly formed nose, his broad chest, and then noted: But his fingers- you would vow you had never seen anything more elegant (Russell 8). Along with his qualit...

How to Find an Excellent Topic for an English Literature Term Paper

How to Find an Excellent Topic for an English Literature Term Paper How to Find an Excellent Topic for an English Literature Term Paper One of the most rewarding paper types that you will ever write for an English class is a literature term paper. Its main point is to get you to take a hard and analytical look at a piece of literature. When you are developing your term paper, the topic is vital in the overall success of your piece. You will want to utilize the following advice to be ensured that it turns out successfully. Brainstorming One of the easiest ways to make sure that you select a good topic is by brainstorming some of the literary works that you can remember. Something about these pieces stood out to you and that can make writing about them more interesting. Think back to the various books that you have read. You don’t have to recall the exact name and author for this part of the process. Just simply get the general ideas down so that you know which piece you are discussing. The name and title are not important. Enhancing the List After the brainstorming process, you will have a starting list of ideas that you can write your paper on. However, you don’t want to stop there. Use your knowledge from the course to think about pieces that have excessive significance. You can use your notes for this list. Your paper is going to have to talk about themes, plots, motifs, and the like. Therefore, the pieces that have a lot of these characteristics are perfect for your paper. Identify at least three that your instructor has emphasized in the class or that possess these important features and add them to your list. Narrowing down Your Diamond in the Rough Now that you have this extensive list of options, go through each one and jot down some aspects that you can write the paper about. They can deal with any of the literary characteristics. This part is vital. Create a short outline for each and then use the one with the most â€Å"stuff† as your topic. Why is that so? Because if you have already something to say about the potential subject of your English literature term paper, it means that you are interested in the topic and will conduct a great research on it. You now have 3 vital steps you need to take in order to choose a great topic, so get to work and choose a piece that means something to you and one that you enjoy because to write a substantial term paper, you will surely have to read it again. If you are not a reading person by nature, consider short stories that won’t take much time. Anyway, you need to be comfortable with the literary work and its peculiarities if you want to succeed in writing an excellent English term paper.

Life in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life in Schools - Essay Example The strength of Geertz’s article comes from the ability to create a question of what culture should mean in a specific environment. Geertz is able to look at and analyze the interpretations of culture. This comes from the ideas of behavior and actions, intellectual relationships and interactions within the classroom. Geertz shows that individuals have created and embraced that culture must mean something that relates to identifying an individual and placing them with a specific identity and description. However, Geertz creates a challenge by stating that culture is the expression of the individual and the lifestyle they live. By building an intellectual response around this, there is the inability to understand the true identity and character of those who are relating to the understanding of culture. This leads to a common law of what culture should mean, despite the true reality of what exists within culture. The concepts that Geertz relates to and challenges readers with don ’t only carry strength because of the main question in terms of culture. He furthers his alternatives with the ethnographic and anthropological discussions that are a part of culture. There is a large amount of evidence and definitions that have shown how these have created a specific intellectual viewpoint toward culture. Geertz doesn’t disregard the philosophies and definitions that are associated with these main viewpoints on culture and how this creates specific relationships to individuals in society. Instead, this is embraced with observing the strengths of these philosophies. However, there is also an understanding that this doesn’t equate to the experiences that individuals in society have and the beliefs in existence that one may have. While one may write about cultural affiliations and ways of existence, it can’t substitute for being in the experience and living within the culture as a belief and experience. The interpretations that are created then become self – limiting by the definitions and concepts that are related to this. The evidence that Geertz uses, associations to intellectual thought and the ability to show the ideologies of culture all help Geertz in creating a specific level of communication that divides the idea of culture from the experience of living in a culture. The one weakness that is in the article comes from the inability to truly analyze and understand what culture should mean if it goes outside of the parameters from those who have built observations and studies that relate to culture. Without this context, there is the inability to have a connection to culture and one remains detached from understanding other lifestyles. While there is the ability to understand that theories toward culture are intellectual interpretations, there is also the inability to create a substitute of what should exist in terms of building a deeper understanding of what culture should mean in terms of experience. Th e challenge then becomes based on creating a way to experience culture while bridging the gaps with intellectual viewpoints that are commonly used in terms of education. Questions of the curriculum within schools are often based on what students should be learning and what the expectations should be within the classroom. However, there is often not a consideration toward the difficulties with the expectations and the relationship that this creates with

Business Synoptic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Synoptic - Essay Example It also helps define the optimal use of the resources in the changing business environment to meet the set objectives. A strategy defines the roles and responsibilities of the organization. According to the Harvard Policy Mode, strategy is a pattern of purposes and policies defining the company and its business (Carter, 1999). The strategy implementation involves several steps as follows: Source: Schraeder (2002). Globalization is a concept that speaks of one world with similar tastes and preferences. However, Nestle does not believe in globalization of consumer behavior and tastes. They follow the philosophy that consumers are individuals. They do not follow a set pattern and hence cannot be classified as global consumers. Thus, in clarification of their objectives, they evaluated the globalization trend and concluded that they wanted to have a customization approach rather than a globalization approach. However, the globalization principle did help in focusing on the emerging marke ts as they conducted an external and internal analysis. They could identify the gap in the services in the emerging markets and found tremendous potential. They could foresee the removal of trade barriers and the rising consumerism in these economies. This is the reason they adopted the early-mover principle in these markets. They could also analyse and find that they could achieve competitive advantage by fulfilling consumer needs in these markets. Link between the two concepts Strategy implementation involves several steps. Strategy implementation required them to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of globalization. It also brought to light that removal of trade barriers had opened up the opportunities in the emerging markets. They thus first developed their corporate level strategy to approach the emerging markets. Strategy is drawn up at three levels – the corporate, business and the functional levels. This helps them decide on the choice of products, the choice of mar kets and the choice of competitors. To fulfill individual consumer needs or the local needs requires a strategy that differs from the globalization approach. They hence standardize wherever possible but adapted wherever necessary. This provided them with the competitive advantage and gain foothold in the emerging economies. To achieve success, they had to change their strategy of having global managers. Just as there can be no global consumers as per Nestle philosophy, they also believed that the workers should maintain their own cultures but follow the Nestle principles. Maintaining their own cultures enables them to understand the market needs better and make adaptation as necessary. Thus, as a part of their functional strategy, they provided complete autonomy to the local managers to function but in alignment with their overall philosophy, they maintained control having their own expatriate managers to oversee the operations in these nations. After careful evaluation they adopted the transnational approach to internationalization as it allows them control over the operations. They could understand that consumers are not global in their tastes and behavior and that local culture is important. The two concepts are interlined because strategy cannot be developed in isolation. Since the trend was towards globalization, Nestle evaluated the strategic options and concluded that it could gain competitive advan

Cosmic Redshift Essay Example for Free

Cosmic Redshift Essay The new Physics of Cosmic Redshift Introduction:As we all know that light travels from source in a straight line(ray) according to concepts of classical ray optics. Redshift is the phenomenon by which light rays from distant stars that are observed on earth, show smaller frequency (longer wavelength) i. e. shifted towards the â€Å"red† end of the visible light region. This phenomenon of redshift is conventionally explained by the well-known â€Å"Doppler effect†. But according to the book â€Å"QED: The strange theory of light and matter† by Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman Redshift occurs due to the quantum mechanical propagation of photons. The Problem:Edwin HUBBLE discovered that light from distant stars exhibits longer wavelengths or reduced frequencies than that from similar radiation sources on Earth. All specific frequency lines in the electromagnetic spectrum of distant cosmic radiation sources appeared shifted towards the red end of the visible spectrum. His discovery therefore was called â€Å"astronomic redshift† defined by the redshift ratio, z = ? / lo (1), ? l: the elongation of a specific wave length lo: the original wave length of emission at the source Frequency n and wavelength lo of the radiation are correlated by the velocity of light in vacuum, c = n x (2). From on its discovery the Redshift phenomenon was referred to the â€Å"Dopplereffect of wave dynamics†, occurs when the source and the receiver are moving relative to each other. Hence this theory proved that all the distant stars , galaxies are moving away from the Earth i. e the universe is expanding. The apparent radial recession velocity away from Earth can be calculated following the Doppler equation: n/no= (1-v/c) (3) n: a specific frequency of the arriving light, no: corresponding frequency of emission at the source v : the recession velocity of the source c the velocity of light in vacuum Simultaneously, HUBBLE discovered that the apparent recession velocity of cosmic radiation sources increases proportionally to their distance r from Earth: v = H x r (4), H means the famous HUBBLE-constant currently estimated at about 70 km/s per megaparsec or per 3. 6 million light-years. Hubble’s theory led the current view that the universe has formed from a gigantic explosion called â€Å" the Big Bang†, which spontaneously arose from a tiny volume of matter at unimaginably high temperature followed up by adiabatic expansion and the condensation of matter while cooling down. Apparently, this expansion process is still going on today. Following HUBBLE? s law (4), the escape velocity of an extremely distant galaxy might gain ultimately the velocity of light in vacuum, meaning its redshift ratio would theoretically equal unity. Physically of course, this is impossible nevertheless redshift ratios of z=5 and even z=7 have been measured in recent years showing supernova explosions, which apparently occurred further away from Earth than the age of the Universe postulated at about 14 billion light-years. In addition, as well known, various other inconsistencies weigh upon the Big Bang theory and many a scientist therefore questions this view. The new theory (methods used and result): The new theory uses the concepts from the â€Å"quantum electrodynamics†. He (Richard Feynman) explained the quantum mechanics of the linear propagation of photons. He showed that from the countless number of radiations that are emitted from the source only those are really effective which reach the source (cover the distance b/w them) via straight line and in close company i. e. when they cover the distance in the shortest possible time. All other dispersed photons take larger time to reach to the receiver and hence are ineffective. He said that the straight stream of photons emitted from the distant source to the Earth will meet/collide innumerous bodies (such as stars, galaxies, planets, comets, meteorites, grains, etc. hich are swirling around in the universe with a typical speed of few hundreds kilometers per second) through which the photons can not pass. When those bodies cross a straight ray of light, this ray will be interrupted shortly and all photons dropping onto the bodies will be removed from the stream independently of their individual energy or frequency. After many such interruptions only the few remaining photons will reach the Earth and the frequency of these radiations arriving on the Earth exhibit lower frequencies because the dispersed photons did not rech in time to the earth. Thus the frequency shifts towards the red end of the visible region (spectrum). As the number of interruptions depend (directly proportional) on the distance between the source and the destination, the redshift ration is also directly proportional to the distance between the source and the receiver ( Earth ). Thus this theory confirms the Hubble’s discovery that the redshift ratio depends upon the distance. HUBBLE? s law still implies another connection. When replacing in equation (4) the recession velocity v by the product z x c, i. e. y a fraction of the ultimate velocity of light, an interesting correlation arises: z = H/c x r (5). The constant factor H/c can be regarded as a modified HUBBLE-constant, which amounts to 0. 00023 per megaparsec or 0. 00007 per million light-years. This modified HUBBLE-constant signifies the loss of photons suffered by a beam of light, which has traveled one million light-years through the Universe. It is a very small loss of photons in fact ov er such big distance, confirming our experience that the Universe is largely empty of solid matter. The reciprocal of the modified HUBBLE-constant i. e. 1/0. 00007 gives 14 billion light-years, in accordance with the postulated age of our Universe following the conventional theory. However, the meaning is different. It shows namely that ordinary starlight cannot propagate further through the Universe than 14 billion lightyears. All photons grouped in a straight light beam from a remote source to the Earth would have got lost due to the absorption effect of celestial matter. Usually, we cannot look deeper into the Universe than this distance, corresponding theoretically to a redshift ratio of unity. However, what about those bigger redshift ratios of z=5 or even z=7, which have been observed in recent time? We know from nuclear physics that energetic radiation penetrating through a shielding medium will be absorbed according to the general correlation, E = Eo x e^ µ(gama) (6), E means the radiation energy behind the shield, Eo the energy of emission at the source, the absorption coefficient of the shielding medium and r the traveling distance through the medium. In the present case, it makes sense to take the modified HUBBLE-constant H/c as a cosmic photon absorption coefficient and r as traveling distance of a stream of photons through the Universe. The energy of photons emitted by a heat source corresponds to the well-known correlation, E = kxT (7), T: the surface temperature of the source k: is the BOLTZMANN-constant On the other hand, the photon energy corresponds to PLANCKs equation, E = h x n (8), h is the PLANCK-constant and n the frequency of the photons. From equations (6), (7), and (8) follow the correlations, n/no = T/To and E / Eo = e-H/c . r (9). Referring to the previous equations (1) and (2), one finds that the cosmic redshift ratio equals z = e H/c . r – 1 (10). The distance of a cosmic radiation source therefore can be estimated from its redshift ratio according to r = 1 / H/c x ln (z + 1) (11), with H/c = 0. 00007 per million light-year. For a redshift ratio of z=1, for instance, one finds 9. 9 billion light-years, and for z=5 a cosmic distance of 25. 6 billion light-years. Conclusion: -According to this new theory more accurate age of universe can be calculated -In contrast to the traditional redshift theory, the present new physics of cosmic redshift doesn’t show any upper limit of ‘z’ or any restricted age of our Universe respectively. Referring to the aforementioned equations, the cosmic redshift ratio also equals, z = To/T – 1 (12), i. e. it is proportional to the ratio of the surface temperature of a cosmic radiation source To and its apparent temperature T observed on Earth. The light rays from a remote cluster of galaxies at an average surface temperature of about 5800 °K as our sun would show the apparent temperature of 970 °K (700 °C) on Earth, when arriving from a cosmic distance of z=5 or 25. 6 billion light-years. This cluster, of which most of the photons got lost on the way to Earth, would be invisible to ordinary optical telescopes. However, cosmic radiation sources of much higher surface temperatures or bigger emission energy like supernova explosions would still be visible over such extraordinary distances, which largely exceed the age of our Universe as postulated from the big-bang hypothesis. taken from the paper itself) -In contrast to the conventional theory of cosmic redshift, the present new physics does not present any difficulty to explain those observations. In addition, this physics still offers another interesting conclusion.

The Physics of Bicycles :: physics bicycle bike cycle

The Physics of Bicycles 1 Spokes Even the earliest bicycles used spokes of one sort or another. In fact, even in ancient times many chariots and animal-drawn carts used spokes. A spoked wheel can be made as strong as a solid one and have only a fraction of the weight.While early spoked wheels were almost always made out of wood, the bicycle wheels and spokes of today are made out steel or aluminum or occasionally more exotic materials such as carbon composite or ceramics. Minimizing the weight of the wheels is extremely important in bicycle design. Why does weight matter? Each time you push the pedals, you have to accelerate the weight of the wheel both forward and around its center. In other words, the wheel undergoes angular and straight motion simultaneously. You can see this when you ride--the front tire of your bicycle rotates while it moves forward along with you and the bike. Tangential & Radial Spokes There are many different ways to spoke a bicycle wheel. Most bicycles have tangential spokes, meaning that the spokes do not connect from the hub to the rim in a straight line, but at an angle. There are many different patterns of tangential spokes. Occasionally bicycles will have completely radial spokes. These spokes go straight from the hub to the rim of the tire. Wheels typically have tangential spokes. The way in which the wheels are spoked determines how they will perform. You can spoke the front wheel completely radially, but the rear wheel had better not be spoked radially. There is no way to convey the twist of the wheel out to the rim to drive you forward. Tangential spoking helps transmit the torque from the hub out to the tires. Not only would a radially spoked rear wheel be less efficient than one spoked tangentially--it would be significantly weaker. A bicycle wheel needs to be able to handle a variety of forces. Besides holding up the weight of the cyclist, a wheel must withstand the forces of pedaling and braking and the jarring effects of the road surface. The benefit of radial spoking has to do with the stiffness of the wheel (less deformation makes the wheel slightly more efficient). The Physics of Bicycles 2

Bank of America Corp Essay

Bank of America Corporation supplies banking and non-banking financial services and products to individual customers and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the form of retail banking, larger corporations and government of the United States and even to international arena. The bank generates the savings accounts, money market savings accounts, checking accounts from the deposits segment. The Global Card services segment allows the US consumers with business cards, consumer lending and international debit card services. The Home Loans and Insurance segment offers it consumers with products and services related to real estate such as mortgage and home equity loans. The Global banking segment gives commercial loans, leasing, short-term loans, capital management and treasury solutions. The Global Markets solution provides advisory services, custody services and securities clearing. The bank’s Global Wealth and Investment Management segment caters to estate management, brokerage services, credit and banking expertise. The profit margin for the bank was 7. 05 percent in the past year. Bank of America has a $1. 5 trillion goal for community development lending focusing on affordable housing, SMEs, consumer financing and economic development in general. Global Consumer and Small Business Banking is the largest segment of the bank and focuses mostly on credit card issuance and consumer banking. This division has over 6200 retail branches and over 18700 ATMs over the US. The bank is also a member of Global ATM alliance- initiative taken by many banks to that enable the customers to use the ATM or check card with no fees. The organization also supplies its employees to buy hybrid vehicles and has an eco-friendly tower in Manhattan and even gives mortgage loan breaks to consumers whose homes pass as being energy efficient. The bank has even donated money for the health centers in Massachusetts and to the homeless shelters in Miami. JP Morgan Chase and Company: JP Morgan Chase provides a variety of financial services across the globe. There is the Investment bank segment for corporate strategy and structure, capital raising in equity and debt markets, risk management and provides the financial institutions, governments and corporations with institutional investors. There is Commercial banking segment that does lending, treasury services, cash management, trade and whole sale cards to SMEs and multinational companies. The Asset management segment provides wealth and investment management services to institutions as well as retail investors. Global investment management in equities, real estate, hedge funds, fixed income, money market instruments and banking deposits are also offered by the bank. The company has Retail financing services segment that caters to retail banking for the consumer through checking and savings accounts, mortgages, home equity and business loans and online banking and telephone banking. The Card Services segment provides the credit cards and keeps track of the credit payments processes. The profit margin for the latest fiscal year has been 19. 52 percent. Its consumer functions involve more than 3000 branches, 8500 ATMs and 270 mortgage offices. JP Morgan and Chase fared well compared to its peer in the credit crunch of 2007 and even though investment banking unit suffered and the bank even increased its loan reserves losses by $4. 3 billion. And even then the net income of the bank was 25 percent due to the growth in strong earnings of the bank’s credit card and commercial banking units. After the survival of the bank in such a tough scenario it has proven the effectiveness with which it has been offering the diverse array of financial services businesses. Citigroup and Inc: The company has two distinct segments: Citicorp and Citi Holdings. Citicorp is the global bank for the businesses plus the consumers and is divided into two main businesses namely: Regional consumer banking and institutional clients group. The regional consumer banking provides the conventional services of retail banking, cards and commercial banking on small-scale in North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Catering to the securities and banking services such as investment banking, advisory services, lending, debt and equity sales, foreign exchange, institutional brokerage and treasury and trade solutions is the institutional clients group. Whereas the segment Citi Holdings has three businesses to look at: brokerage and asset management, local consumer lending and special asset pool. The brokerage and asset management division in a joint venture with Morgan and Stanley and provides retail brokerage and asset management services. The local consumer lending provides mortgage loans, personal loans, student loans, commercial real estate loans and even western European card. The special asset pool is a portfolio of securities, loans and other assets. The profit margin for the latest year has been negative 0. 84 percent. Citigroup is the sixteenth largest political campaign donator in the US according to Centre for Responsive politics. Citigroup even obtained naming rights as Citi Field to the home ballpark of the New Major League Baseball team in 2009. Recommendation: After research of the three banks, Citigroup has been the one to be involved in many scandals; ranging from financing Enron and alleged money laundering facilitation and even conducting biased research on the customers. Citigroup even disrupted the European bond market by selling a large amount of bonds and then buying them back a cheaper price. The organization has also been alleged of stealing money from its customers especially the poor and the recently deceased with an improper â€Å"sweep† feature in its computers. Hence it can be said that Citigroup has to go a long way in clearing its image with the consumers because now with the internet, they’re aware of everything and already Citigroup faces a lot of competition from its competitors. Reference: Winkler, Rolfe (August 21, 2009). â€Å"Big banks still hold regulators hostage†. Reuters, via Forbes. com (Retrieved August 21, 2010)

Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee

Undertaking Speculating Architecture IntroductionThis undertaking attempts to convey an apprehension of architect’s architectural theory through a direct observation and analysis of his ego and edifices. Architecture and urban signifiers in relation to architectural theories is discussed in the undermentioned authorship. The relationship between architecture and its societal, cultural and rational context is besides analyzed and critiqued in the authorship to construe the architect’s architecture in relation to relevant theories within the modern-day. Architect Christopher Lee is selected to discourse his architecture in relation with theories. He is the co-founder of Serie Architects, taking his design squad in London, Mumbai and Beijing together with his spouse Kapil Gupta, doing a grade for him all over the universe. He is a really experient international pattern based in London and has interesting working experience in his life of being a successful designer. His house involved in different undertaking all over the universe. Some representative plants of them include The Tote in India, BMW Olympic Pavilion in London, the Monsoon Club installing in United State and Yan ZhenQing Museum in China. Among Chris Lee’s popular plants, Aarvli Resort is selected to analyze and analyse its theories of architecture. Aarvli Resort is a 9000sqm Eco-resort, located within the Konkan seashore, the western coastline country of India. It is a new belongings of India by an International group of Resort, Formento Resorts. The sensitive design on the typography is the chief topographic point of this resort. The resort is presently afoot as of last month of building.ClimateAarvli resort, an Eco-resort, has designed responsively to the local clime of Goa, India. Goa, the smallest province in India by country, enjoys a tropical monsoon clime under the Koppen clime categorization that features a hot and humid conditions for most of the twelvemonth with two distinguishable seasons, the dry season and the monsoon season. As to plan the construction closely follow the contours of its mountain-side scene, the edifice has a compelling curvilineal program. The longitudinal lift of edifice is orientated to East and West to acquire the maximal usage of natural visible radiation. Due to its curvilineal signifier, the lifts of edifice are every bit exposed to maximum sunshine. However, Chris Lee has efficaciously uses the nature elements on site to minimise the heat addition to its edifice. Vegetation on site has shaded non merely the lift of edifice, it provides greenery position towards the suites and public infinites of the resort, gives merger of interior and exterior. Effective usage of courtyards and fanlight within the curvilinear program besides introduces indirect visible radiation into interior infinite, increases the light quality of infinites. The staggered placement of undulating landscape roof plane provides shadowing for lower rooftops and cut down solar addition, insulates from internal heat lose. Goa goes through the monsoon season at the center of twelvemonth, June till September. The degree of critical tropical conditions is reduced particularly July which the metropolis gets non more than three hours of sunshine per twenty-four hours. The metropolis receives maximal rainfall throughout the twelvemonth and pushes humidness up. The smooth curve signifier program which portion of the roof merged into the landscape equipped the roof with ‘nature gutter’ , reassigning the rain H2O flow to landscape environing during this season, with the aid of proper drainage system every bit good. Plants of green roof besides act as H2O soaking up every bit good as humid soaking up during this moisture and humid season of Goa. The typography of Maharashtra Coastal creates the phenomena of land and sea zephyr. Chris Lee has deliberated this natural phenomenon into his design. Round courtyard is designed to pull sea zephyr from west lift, unfastened pool and landscape to air out the edifice during twenty-four hours clip. Curve signifier of roof designed follows the air current motion to guarantee land zephyr ventilates the inside through courtyards during dark clip.Theories: Critical RegionalismIn Critical Analysis of â€Å"Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, the 5th point indicated civilization versus nature: Topography, Context, Climate, Light and Tectonic Form.â€Å"Critical regionalism should follow modern architecture, critically, for its cosmopolitan progressive qualities but at the same clip value should be placed on the geographical context of the building† ( Frampton, 1981 )Emphasis, Frampton ( 1981 ) says,should be on topography, clime, visible radi ation ; on tectonic signifier instead than on scenography and should be on the sense of touch instead than ocular sense. In footings of civilization, the acceptance of local architecture layout has demonstrated in the planning of Aarvli Resort. In India traditional house Nakarattar house has inner and outer suites in the center of the program surrounded with few courtyards. Chris Lee imitates the similar form, Numberss of private invitee suites are planned together with an unfastened dining courtyard within a round layout of planning. Similar to Aarvli Town Hall, it is influenced by both Finnish slang architecture and the humanist Italian Renaissance. Aalto drew inspiration for the courtyard agreement in his edifice layout surrounded with the elevated courtyard. Building characteristics has been study to discourse on how these edifice designs has incorporated the civilization with its nature and environment. As Goa receives tropical weather’s which most of the months are exposed to sunlight, the acceptance of local architecture which courtyards and fanlights are features to present indirect sunshine into the enclosed inside. Enclosed private suites are planned in between the edifice to avoid direct heat addition from the conditions. While Saynatsalo town house located at Finland receives 4 seasons, Aalto has sufficient usage of fanlight to better the inside light quality during winter. â€Å"But underneath signifiers in all ages were certain conditions which determined the. In them allows all human spirit in agreement with which they came to be ; and where the signifiers were true signifiers, they will be found to be organic signifiers – an branch, in other words, of conditions of life and work they arose to express†Wright ( 1910 ) wrote on a monograph of his work published in Germany. Aarvli Resort defined as organic architecture non merely of its unstable signifier and curvilineal program, but besides on how the construction allows certain activities to take topographic point within in and around the environment of it. In-filled roof of Aarvli Resort looks like the construction is portion of the landscape. Chris Lee presents his edifice in wave-like sort of signifier as to unify context to the dramatically typography of Maharashtra. Chris Lee has sensitively taken consideration of nature context in footings of the circulation planning of the edifice . He plans that all public infinites include anteroom, dining country, and out-of-door activities are planned at ‘outer layer’ of the resort program to guarantee all infinites are surrounded by nature context, the flora and coastal. He wants to stress the interaction of nature with the inside, leting circulation to take topographic point in and around it. The Saynatsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto, is declared as organic architecture as good yet the edifice are purely rectilineal composings. The composing of Saynatsalo town house is performed in the manner of perpendicular and horizontal, following the verticalness of wooded hillside of Saynatsalo. He planned the private infinites, the flats, into the wooded hillside of Saynatsalo which does non let effectual circulation but provide good position to abodes of level. At the same clip public infinites include town hall, stores, and library are placed towards land land which provide equal circulation. Puting of courtyard as C entre of program besides provides public circulation within private territory. In comparison, both designers have planned the infinites respectfully with site typology. 2.3 Design Strategy: Typography Aarvli Resort is designed utilizing an advanced program that makes the construction blend in respectfully with the environing natural environment without giving the spacial qualities that allow visitants to bask their stay to the upper limit. Curvilineal circulation spinal column is used to specify a series of public and private infinite. As discussed in subject before, Chris Lee has take consideration of nature context into its circulation planning in the manner that public infinites surrounded by nature context and private infinites are placed in between to pull people to public infinites. The crystalline development of nature and construction offer the smooth experience of inside and outside to appreciate the natural environment. Round courtyards are designed as shaded dining and diversion country at the same clip blended with verdant hills to the E and South, conveying nature into the spaces.Sea-facing swimming pools and H2O characteristics allocated towards Arabian Sea allows bird's-eye positions, creates the feeling of eternity pool. Green smooth-curvy roof is designed to synthesise the construction into contour of site, besides supplying better insularity and cut down heat addition. Due to the geographical status of Maharashtra Coastal, air current motions are different during twenty-four hours and dark, the land and sea zephyr. Design schemes have been carefully considered to to the full use the zephyr for both twenty-four hours and dark clip to air out the edifice. To acquire the maximal usage of sea zephyr during twenty-four hours clip, unfastened landscape and pools at the forepart of the resort, confronting towards Arabian Sea allows cool air to flux through the edifice. No constructions are built at the front lift to avoid any obstruction of air flow. Round unfastened dining courtyard at the dorsum of the edifice allows venturi consequence to air out the edifice efficaciously from forepart to back. On the other manus, land zephyr from hills draws into edifice throught the smooth curvey signifier of rooftop landscape into the courtyards and to better airing of interior infinites during dark clip. The maestro usage of nature airing has fulfilled its demand a s an Eco-resort.DiscussionAs Chris Lee travels a batch and educated in different cultural background since immature, he learnt that it is of import that architecture be at the same time relevant to its urban context, cultural and geographical status into his design. Together with the define of organic architecture of Wright, Chris Lee has demonstrated the 5th point of critical regionalism, civilization versus nature, follow cultural context and appreciate the natural environment together following modern architecture in most of his work design. In an statement of Chris Lee publication â€Å" Typological Urbanism† , he argue that â€Å"as metropoliss owe their chief characteristic to geographical and topographical conditions, and are ever linked to other metropoliss by trade and resources, they tend to specialise and organize a distinguishable character.† The usage of an advanced program in Aarvli Resort allows the creative activity of a edifice that is extremely respec tful of its sensitive natural context but that besides enjoys distinguishable spacial qualities that will do it a premium finish in the part ( Furuto, 2012 ) . Including the undertaking of Aarvli Resort that he adapted local civilization, he has lead his design squad, Serie Architect, in state of UK, India and China, planing non merely edifices and besides urban be aftering mentioning on the metropoliss characteristic and context. He ever make that his edifice are able to reflect the common architecture in a modern-day manner.â€Å"A metropolis is an accumulation of the accomplishments and battles of its citizens in reinforced signifier. This must be made seeable in an architecture that acts as an inclusive framework†described Chris Lee ( 2011 ) in his article â€Å"My sort of City† . He extremely appreciates the distinctive of the metropolis and translates the linguistic communication into his construction, stating the narrative of non merely the client, besides the n ature and metropolis, giving a perfect combination of these factors and linguistic communications in his work. As decision, Chris Lee theory of design is to interpret the common linguistic communication into his design and interpret it into a modern and modern-day manner of design at the same clip appreciate the typography as factor of his design. His design can be conclude that he has demonstrated the theory of civilization versus nature direct and indirectly with his ain definition of modern-day manner of design. 4.0 Mention Furuto, Alison. â€Å" Aarvli Resort / Serie Architects † 02 Nov 2012.ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Jun 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archdaily.com/ ? p=284569 Designboom ( 1999-2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designboom.com/copyright/ Serie Architect. ( 2012 ) â€Å"Aarvli Estates† Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.serie.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SerieArchitects-Aarvli-Estates-20121108.pdf Lee, C. ( June 2011 ) â€Å"My sort of city† . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.architecturetoday.co.uk/ ? p=16420 Davies, Colin ( 2011 ) . Thinking about Architecture An Introduction to Architectural Theory. Laurence King Publishing, London. Jacoby, S. , & A ; Lee, C. M. ( 2011 ) .Typological urbanism: projective metropoliss / guest-edited by Christopher CM Lee and Sam Jacoby. Chichester: Wiley, 2011. Kate, N. 1997. Speculating a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995. Princeton Architectural Press. New York. Frampton, K. â€Å"Towards a critical regionalism: Six Points for An Architectural of Resistance† . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ahameri.com/cv/Courses/CU/Arch % 20in % 20Theory/Frampton.pdf Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 1.0 Introduction Christopher Lee is an immigrant designer from Malaysia. He was born and raised in Taiping Perak. He graduated with AA Diplona ( honours ) from AA. Lee completed his Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture and Urbanism from the Berlage Institute and TU Delft. His favourite designers are Rem Koolhaas, Kazuo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa. Chris Lee is the laminitis of SERIE ARCHITECTS based in London with his spouse Kapil Gupta. The house ‘s undertakings now span all over the universe with committees in India, China, Eastern Europe and United Kingdom. SERIE is known for their theoretical position that emphasizes the survey of edifice typologies and their development. The selected edifice to be discuss in this paper is Yan ZhenQing Museum which located in Linyi, Shandong Province, China. The museum is set on a hilly site with 8,265 square metre in Linyi. Yan ZhenQing was an of import calligraphist during eighth century who lived in Shandong Province in China. The museum house a aggregations of the calligraphist ‘s plants. In his calligraphic book has strong kernel of perpendicular element.The designer use the local civilization and the calligraphist ‘s character into the architecture. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the external contributing factors that affect in design schemes of the museum and its theories of architecture that applied in the design. The impact of clime, theories and societal civilization towards the edifice were investigated through a series of diagrams. 2.0 ANAYSIS 2.1 Climate Linyi has seasonal fluctuation clime with overheating hot, humid summer and underheating cold, dry winter. The clime affects constructing orientation, size and place of fenestration and facade stuffs. Yan ZhenQing Museum is placed on a series of three patios that rise somewhat above the topography that merged closely with the terrain of site. Each degree of patio contain marquees that placed following to each other along the terrain to minimise the E and west facade country in order to cut down the heat addition during the hot summer season. When the marquees are set following to each other, shaded countries are created between the passage infinites so the visitants feel more confidant with the environing landscape. At the exhibition marquees, the aggregations of artefacts are protected from direct sunshine. The solution is to make high ceiling with fanlights for the marquees to present natural daytime indirectly. The fanlights are unfastened up at the West like a paper tossing up from the surface. The daylight strength inside the edifice will alter throughout the twenty-four hours when the place of the Sun changed to enrich the poetic feeling in the museum. The marquees are largely cover up with solid wall with merely a few gaps. This is to forestall heat loss during the winter clip. The agreement of the marquees in a random mode like turn overing dies have high potency to capture more air current. Besides, it allows more air current to flux through the surrounding from multitude way. In comparing, edifice blocks that arranged in bunch mode restricted the air current to flux around the marquees. The marquees rise somewhat harmonizing to the topography besides helps to maximise the air current gaining control during summer as they did non blocked by opposite marquees. 2.2 SOCIAL CULTURE The interior layout of Yan ZhenQing Museum strongly reflects the ancient Chinese penmanship composing. The infinites were divided orderly into a grid mode even the orientation of the marquees do non emphasis on the orderly subject of the Chinese penmanship composing. Yan ZhenQing ‘s calligraphic book besides composed in a regular book. The designer wants to make a minimalist infinite with a simple layout to heighten the focal point on artefacts within a infinite. The exhibition hall can be define as a pure content and clear boundary line infinite with soft natural illuming from fanlight which allow the visitants to prosecute with the aggregations of art plants in a more poetic feeling. Furthermore, the reading subject of Chinese book besides influence the circulation of the museum. The Chinese books are read from right to go forth. So, the museum ‘s human circulation flow besides tour the visitants from the right to the left and across the marquees. The marquees were desi gned into a perfect square to reflect the Chinese regular book which is wrote in a regular column. The frontage of the marquees are fluted in a perpendicular manner to make a rhythmic form which similar to the calligraphic book perpendicular sequence. The form besides comparable to the traditional Chinese houses ceramic roofing tiles to offer a more cultural ambient to the museum. The spacial planning of the museum besides similar to the traditional Chinese Scholar ‘s Garden and Chinese Courtyard House which the most private infinites and cherished objects are ever placed at the deepest terminal of the edifice. In a bookman ‘s garden, an entryway hall for welcoming the visitants is the most public topographic point and following by several marquees and gardens before reach the heavenly hall. Celestial hall is a sacred topographic point that carry out ceremonial related to the sky or Eden. For the Chinese courtyard house, chief room was located at the deepest terminal of the house whereas the amah ‘s suites are placed at the. Yan ZhenQing museum besides apply the same rule by puting the artefacts at the last patio of marquees to tag it as the most of import topographic point in the museum. Ancient Chinese urban planning besides planned in a grid system and use same spacial planning. Imperial castle was placed at the in-between terminal of the metropolis and surrounded with the citizen with the separation of streets. In Yan ZhenQing museum, colonnade act as the threshold that connect the marquees and the gardens. In traditional bookman ‘s garden, marquees besides joint with colonnade to move as a threshold to link a infinite to another new infinite. The planning of the museum has adopted many local traditional civilization into the architecture. 2.3 Theory Critical regionalism provides architecture that meet the footings with modern and tradition. Chinese architecture has strong influenced by local civilisation particularly when planing museum. From the overview of Yan ZhenQing museum, particularly from the program of the undertaking, the construct of the museum someway similar to the traditional Chinese courtyard house. Traditional Chinese courtyard house had a front courtyard before come ining the secondary gate and a chief courtyard located in the center of the house to move as public infinite for the large unit. The courtyard becomes a infinite that nexus and keep the secondary infinites together as a whole construction. Yan ZhenQing museum has several courtyard gardens to emphasize the construct of local civilization. The courtyard gardens are set in between the marquees to work as public infinite for the visitants. The traditional courtyard house was walled to hold privateness and security intent. Yan ZhenQing Museum besides fram ed up by the long colonnades to give a clear boundary to the site. Yan ZhenQing Museum is nestled among the hills far off from the pandemonium of turning cities. In sing the harmonious of nature, the museum was designed in straightforward signifier to keep a cloistered quality, to intermix with the environing landscape. The marquees are rise somewhat following the terrain to do it look likes a portion of the landscape, set on the same plane with the terrain. The edifice ever has a clear boundary that lifts the edifice from the landscape to handle the edifice as a landscape and the feeling of walking along a garden way. Traditional monastery and garden besides nested far off from the bustle metropolis to accomplish a healing and brooding topographic point. Yan ZhenQing Museum besides has a great influence by modern architecture manner. The construct of the museum besides accent on the perpendicular and horizontal elements. The long colonnades that framed the marquees show a series of horizontal boxes from the program position. The extraneous form of the marquees has a really straightforward with its stuffs used with 90 grade at each borders. The marquees merely clad with ceramic tiles to convey out simpleness of the edifice that coherent with the echt aggregations of Yan ZhenQing calligraphic book which displayed in the marquees. Other than that, the intent of merely utilizing one stuff is to stand out the exhibit work instead than overpowering the infinite by the architecture. The frontages pattern mimicked the bold perpendicular shot of calligraphic book, and the roof line of the marquees and colonnades accent on light horizontal elements to equilibrate the nature. The frontage of the marquees are really simple and clear with its borders. Modern architecture stress on the simpleness of signifiers and extinguish unneeded item on the edifice. The combine of signifiers into beautiful wholes is one definition of architecture. ( Colin Davies,2011 ) . The museum was called as a whole constructing merely with including the courtyards and colonnades. The plans of the museum was collected by courtyards and colonnades. Visitors will travel through these courtyards both horizontally and vertically. The response and stores of the museum are located at the lowest patio, and the visitants will travel up to a patio with instruction and public installations, and make the exhibitions at the top degree. The colonnades serve as the chief circulation of the edifice and besides as a threshold for each marquees. When the visitants move along the colonnades, it show the horizontal circulation whereas when the visitants move from courtyard to courtyard, it is foregrounding on perpendicular motion. In another position, the museum is broke down into several blocks and arrange on different axes instead than a individual block like general museum. The gardens are enclosed within the asymmetrical infinites between the extraneous marquees, the program of the museum show the deconstructivism architecture. The fragment agreement leting the nature to contrast with architecture. The architecture of the museum is to show its withdrawal in the landscape and bordering the nature as a mention point on the site. The interior exhibition infinites besides divided into smaller extraneous infinites. When the marquees are shifted at different angle, the visitants come ining a new marquee from another marquee will experience new to the infinite as it is non a common agreement like the old one. Most of the exhibition suites are designed with high ceiling with fanlight, lit up the room with soft natural sunshine. The place of the interior sunshine beams besides varies. The in-between marquee has a b righter room if comparison to the another two next marquees. The fanlight of the in-between marquees are confronting straight to the eventide Sun. The design purpose is to offer the visitant a more broad screening of the work displayed with different angle of natural visible radiations and shadows. The overall scene of the marquees create a more poetic ambiance to the museum by deconstructivism architecture. 3.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors that affect the architecture of Yan ZhenQing Museum. The clime of the site affects the design of the edifice in footings of edifice orientation and fenestration. Sunlight is the most critical impact that impacting the design of the edifice. Skylights are used alternatively of window due to the protection of the aggregations in the marquees. The museum in China might portion the same features with other edifice, but architect demands to understand the civilization of the local context, and use the construct suitably with grounds. Christopher Lee says, â€Å"That is, you take the most common and do them special.†

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Optimal Kitchen Upper Cabinet Height Although not stipulated by building codes, standard construction practices set ergonomic standards for both the dimensions of kitchen cabinets and their installation heights. These measurements are based on studies suggesting the optimal dimensions that create the most comfortable working spaces for users. They are sometimes altered for special needssuch as a kitchen customized for users with physical limitationsbut in the vast majority of kitchens, these dimensions will be followed closely.   Standards for Upper Cabinets in Kitchens The upper wall cabinets in kitchens almost always are installed so the bottom edge of the cabinet is 54 inches above the floor. The reason for this is that 18 inches of clearance between base cabinets and uppers are regarded as the optimal working space, and with base cabinets generally 36 inches high (with countertop included) and 24 inches deep, upper cabinets beginning at 54 inches provides the desired 18-inch clearance.   These distances are shown to be ergonomically practical for anyone over 4 feet tall, and optimal for an average user 5 ft. 8 inches in height. With the standard upper cabinet 30 inches tall and 12 inches deep, a 5 ft. The 8-inch user will be able to reach all shelves without a step stool. Anyone shorter may need a step stoolor the assistance of a taller family memberto easily access upper shelves.   There are, of course, some exceptions to these standards. The specialty wall cabinets that fit above a refrigerator or range will be installed higher than other upper cabinets, and may also be deeper than the standard 12 inches.   Varying the Installation Heights These installation standards can be varied slightly to match the needs of users, although this is limited by the dimensions of stock cabinets. A family with members 5 ft. 5 inches or shorter might, for example, install base cabinets at 35 inches above the floor, then leave a 15-inch working space and install the upper cabinets starting at 50 inches above the floor rather than the normal 54 inches. A family with very tall members might install cabinets slightly higher for convenience. These small variations are within the accepted range, and will not dramatically affect sale potential of your home. However, you should be cautious about more glaring variations to normal design standards when customizing a kitchen, as it may make your house hard to sell in the future.   Handicap Accessible Kitchens More dramatic variation in height standards can be necessary for homes or apartments used by those with physical disabilities, such as people confined to wheelchairs. Special base cabinets may be purchased or built that are 34 inches or lower in height, and upper cabinets can be installed on the wall much lower than normal in order to allow wheelchair users to reach them easily A newer innovation is electrically operated cabinetry that raises and lowers the upper wall cabinets, making them easy to use for both physically challenged and physically able family members.

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Alfred Wegener's Hypothesis About Pangaea In 1912 a German meteorologist named Alfred Wegener (1880-1931) hypothesized a single proto-supercontinent that divided up into the continents we now know because of continental drift and plate tectonics. This hypothesis is called Pangaea because the Greek word pan means all and Gaea or Gaia (or Ge) was the Greek name of the divine personification of the Earth. Discover the science behind how Pangaea broke apart millions of years ago. A Single Supercontinent Pangaea, therefore, means all the Earth. Around the single protocontinent or Pangaea was a single ocean called Panthalassa (all the sea). More than 2,000,000 years ago, in the late Triassic Period, Pangaea broke apart. Although Pangaea is a hypothesis, the idea that all the continents once formed a single supercontinent makes sense when you look at the shapes of the continents and how well they essentially fit together. Paleozoic and Mesozoic Era Pangaea, also known as Pangea, existed as a supercontinent during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time periods.  The Paleozoic geologic era translates to ancient life and is over 250 million years old. Considered a time of evolutionary transformation, it ended with one of the biggest extinction events on Earth taking over 30 million years to recover due to it being on land. The Mesozoic era refers to the time in between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic era and extended over 150 million years ago. The Synopsis by Alfred Wegener In his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans,  Wegener foretold plate tectonics and provided an explanation for continental drift. Despite this,  the book is received as both influential and controversial even today, due to the opposition divided amongst geologists regarding his geographic theories.  His research created a forward understanding of the technical and scientific logic before the shift was confirmed. For example, Wegener mentioned  the fit of South America and Africa, ancient climate similarities, fossil evidence, comparisons of rock structures and more. An  excerpt from the book below demonstrates his geological theory: "In the whole of geophysics, there is probably hardly another law of such clarity and reliability as this- that there are two preferential levels for the world’s surface which occur in alternation side by side and are represented by the continents and the ocean floors, respectively. It is therefore very surprising that scarcely anyone has tried to explain this law."- Alfred L. Wegener, Interesting Pangaea Facts In mythology, Hercules wrestled with the giant Antaeus, who gained his strength from his mother, Gaia.Pangea lasted over 300 million years ago  and started to break apart around 175 million years ago.The contemporary theory suggests that the Earths outer shell is broken up into several plates that move over the Earths rocky shell. This is what we know of plate tectonics today.The process of Pangaea was put together slowly over time.  In fact, it took a few hundred million years before it was formed.

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